Litho TyphimuriumBiofilm DiffractiveOpticalElements Polyaniline DomainSwitching Yeditepe Optic Cell Co/Cr/Pt NTU Granada MetalCompound Ferrite Self-assembledMonolayer Chromium optoelectronics SurfaceOxidation LateralForceMicroscopy Composition Pipette IISCBangalore self-assembled_monolayer Tungsten Butterfly MolybdenumDisulfide Vinylpyridine TungstenDeposition Ananth Scanning_Thermal_Microscopy Mechanical NUS_NNI_Nanocore molecular_beam Liquid ForceDistanceSpectroscopy SiWafer